Cold Water Diving: How Sea Surface Temperature Influences Coral Reefs

Cold Water Diving

Shortly after sunrise the main dive boat, Calcutta, set out from Golden Shadow to survey a gently sloping spur and groove reef system on the south eastern side of Ill des Pins. The dive team and crew hunkered down out of the cold sea spray and wind for the forty minute transit out to the first dive site. It is noticeable how much more bundled up the scientific divers are on the New Caledonia trip compared to recent expeditions. Water temperatures recorded on dives frequently drop below 23°C (73°F). While this may sound warm, the water is actually relatively cold by tropical standards, and rapidly saps body warmth during the long days of survey. Hoods and layers of thick wet-suits are the order of the day, while one diver has resorted to a dry-suit to ensure comfort while he works – gear typically reserved for temperate waters. After cold water diving, researchers rapidly remove their wetsuits, towel off, and don dry clothes or wind breakers to elevate their core temperature. Positions in the sun are at a premium on surface intervals during cold water diving as divers do all they can to get warm before the second dive.

Cold water diving: Members of the dive team clad in layers of wetsuits, hoods, and windbreakers – cold but happy (left to right: Andrew Bruckner, Alex Dempsey, Kate Fraser, Dawn Bailey, and Ken Marks)

How Sea Surface Temperature Influences Coral Reefs

As we move from Ill des Pins to the atolls and reefs north of the main island (Grand Terre) in the coming weeks we expect to see temperatures rise by several degrees. This thermal trend provides a natural laboratory for studying how sea surface temperature influences coral reefs. It will be interesting to compare the biological communities in the northern reefs to those around Ill des Pins. Understanding the relationship of coral species to temperature is important. The trend of rising sea surface temperatures is predicted to continue under most climate change scenarios, and species with narrow thermal tolerance may change their distribution to cope with the changing thermal gradient.

Many algal species such as the green algae Caulerpa macrodisca identified during the surveys of Dr. Claude Payri are more commonly associated with temperate reefs to the south, such as around New Zealand, yet are found in Ill des Pins. We expect this species will be rare or absent in the reefs we will visit north of Grand Terre.

One example of how sea surface temperature influences coal reefs: Green Caulerpa algae are often found in reef environments. The fern-like Caulerapa taxifolia may be found in many regions of New Caladonia, the disk like algae Caulerpa macrodisca (just left of center) is only associated with the cool waters in the south of Ill des Pins.

We also see differences in the coral community during our cold water diving. Coral species such as the Leptoria phrygia pictured below have been common on our surveys. On the Global Reef Expedition we have tended to see this coral at deeper sites where the temperature dips below ~26 C.

Leptoria phrygia is common in colder locations such as New Caladonia.

These are just a few examples we’ve seen during our cold water diving of how sea surface temperature influences coral reefs.

Photos by: 1 Ken Marks; 2 Andrew Bruckner; 3 Alex Dempsey

Ten Years of B.A.M.: Rooted in Partnership, Growing in Purpose

Ten years ago, the Bahamas Awareness of Mangroves (B.A.M.) program began with a simple but meaningful commitment: to connect Bahamian students with the mangrove ecosystems that shape and protect their island home.

Since 2015, B.A.M. has been implemented in partnership with Friends of the Environment, whose dedication to environmental stewardship in Abaco has made this program possible year after year. Together, we have worked alongside Patrick J. Bethel High School and Forest Heights Academy to bring hands-on mangrove science into classrooms and out into the field.

What makes ten years remarkable is not just longevity — it is consistency…

From Mangrove Mud to Meaningful Work: Desta’s J.A.M.I.N. Journey

Some students I remember for their grades, their quick answers, or a moment that made the whole class laugh. Others I remember for the way they stepped into the mangroves.

Desta was the kind of student who thrived outdoors. While some students hesitated at the edge of the mud, he walked right in. And when he inevitably got stuck — because everyone does — he didn’t get frustrated. He laughed. Covered in mud, holding mangrove propagules in his hands, he embraced the experience fully.

Even then, it was clear that he was connecting with the environment in a way that went beyond the lesson plan…